The Advent of Iron

An experimental reproduction of Late Bronze Age extractive practices to reveal the extent of the anomalous extraction of iron.

Before the latter half of the 2nd millennium BCE, smelted iron was unknown in the Near East. By the turn of the millennium iron had begun to displace copper alloys. This Element will explore the extent to which this phenomenon may have arisen as a consequence of technological developments within preceding traditions.Before the latter half of the 2nd millennium BCE, smelted iron was virtually unknown in the Near East. Yet by the turn of the millennium iron had already begun to displace copper alloys across the region. This Element will explore the extent to which this phenomenon may have arisen as a consequence of technological developments within preceding traditions for the extraction of copper from its ores. It presents a new approach incorporating a reappraisal of current knowledge with a series of integrated experiments to reveal the frequency of iron extraction during the copper smelting practices of the Late Bronze Age Near East. Armed with these insights the author seeks to address how iron metallurgy may have developed from existing extractive traditions and the implications this has for our wider understanding of technological change within past cultures.