Wittgenstein and Relativism

This book situates Wittgenstein's philosophy in the relationship between psychology and logic, over epistemology, and cultural relativism.

When scholars discuss whether Wittgenstein was a relativist, they draw their criteria from recent proposals. This Element relates Wittgenstein's philosophy to positions that his contemporaries regarded as 'relativist' and brought Wittgenstein close to positions that his contemporaries denounced as 'psychologism' and 'sociologism.'When scholars discuss the question whether Wittgenstein was a relativist, they invariably draw their criteria from recent definitions of relativism. This study tries a different route: it identifies conceptions of relativism that were influential in the early twentieth century, and uses them as foils for interpreting Wittgenstein's philosophy. Section 1 investigates what Wittgenstein meant in speaking of his 'ethnological perspective,' and how this perspective relates to 'cultural relativism' in anthropology around 1900. Section 2 focuses on Wittgenstein's reflections on logic and mathematics as 'ethnological phenomena.' In this context, the ethnological perspective brought Wittgenstein close to positions that many of his contemporaries denounced as 'psychologism' and 'sociologism.' Section 3 highlights the role of the ethnological perspective in Wittgenstein's remarks on 'certainties.' Many of these remarks would have been counted as relativistic by leading members of the 'Vienna Circle.'