The Rise of Authoritarian Middle-Powers and What It Means for World Politics

This Element proposes a novel theory of how authoritarian middle-powers conduct international relations and their impact on world politics.

In recent decades, a group of influential authoritarian states has emerged. These authoritarian middle-powers have considerable impact on international relations. This Element represents one of the first attempts to understand how non-democratic middle-powers engage abroad. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.In recent years a group of influential authoritarian states has emerged that fall between the ranks of great powers and small states. These authoritarian middle-powers – such as Turkey and the United Arab Emirates – exert considerable influence, particularly in their region. Yet this development has been overlooked in favor of a focus on superpowers, especially China and Russia. We therefore lack a framework for understanding their behavior and impact. This Element offers the first comprehensive analysis of how non-democratic middle-powers engage abroad. Drawing on case studies of states and regions, it shows how the combination of authoritarian politics and mid-level status leads to distinctive foreign policies. In particular, these approaches erode global democratic norms and institutions through a combination of hard power tempered by hedging and legitimation strategies. In this way, authoritarian middle-powers are helping to unravel the liberal rules-based order. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.