Methods for Real-Time Measurement of THMs and HAAs in Distribution Systems

Analytical methods are needed for on-line monitoring to improve understanding of variations in trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) concentrations in treatment plants and drinking water distribution systems. The monitoring data will increase understanding of how peak THMs and HAAs formation events occur and when they do not occur, allowing operators to adjust treatment processes accordingly at the plant and in the distribution system. This project is the first of two phases. The goal of the first phase of this project was to conduct an extensive survey of the literature to evaluate which existing analytical methods may be adapted for real-time monitoring of THMs and HAAs in drinking water distribution systems. THMs and HAAs are both disinfection by-products (DBPs) of water chlorination. They are very different in their chemical structures and properties. The THMs are non-polar and volatile. The HAAs are polar and non-volatile. These differences have significant implications in their analytical chemistry applied to drinking water—particularly the sampling-sample preparation step. The concentrations of THMs can be determined using gas chromatography. The major advantage of gas chromatography is its simplicity. The analysis of the HAAs using gas chromatography is more complicated. To be analyzed by gas chromatography, HAAs must be derivitized, thus complicating analysis. The approach of this research is to explore alternative methods that might be adapted for real-time monitoring of THMs and HAAs in water distribution systems. The literature provides much information pertaining to the analysis of THMs and HAAs in drinking water. The goal was to collect data about the operating parameters used in the methods to aid in evaluating the adaptability for real-time monitoring in drinking water. These methods include a wide array of methodologies ranging from simple colorimetric spot tests to more complex LC-MS methods and beyond. A searchable electronic database is included with the final report. This database includes references to all THMs and HAAs papers reviewed to date. Several methods are summarized in the final report for the first phase of this project. These summaries provide information about expected method detection limits, accuracy and precision estimates, details about each method, instruments used, approximate price of instrument and cost of analysis, the sample preparation time, sample analysis times, and the ability to automate the methodology. Additional information about the...