Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation

An account of the introduction of the horse as a replacement for oxen in English farming.

Technological innovation during the middle ages is a subject about which little has been written in detail. This book traces on particular innovation - the introduction of the horse as a replacement for oxen in English farming - and assesses it against the social and economic background of the time.The introduction of the horse brought many advantages to medieval English farming, particularly as an improvement to ploughing and hauling. But the replacement of oxen by horses was by no means inevitable, as the situation often depended upon a number of factors not immediately obvious to modern eyes. These factors, which included such environmental aspects as soil types and terrain, are evaluated to see how they affected the decision to use horses and oxen. The introduction of the horse is furthermore examined in relation to farm production, the improvement in marketing, and the development of regionalism; and various theories regarding technological innovation are assessed to see whether this or that innovation acted in a predictable way. Most importantly, the study affords a glimpse into the working of the minds of medieval farmers as they approached the problems of livelihood and survival.